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16 - Overcoming water scarcity in Perth, Western Australia
- from III. 1 - Water and waste water treatment
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- By Geoffrey J. Syme, Edith Cowan University, Blair E. Nancarrow, Wembley, WA
- Edited by R. Quentin Grafton, Australian National University, Canberra, Karen Hussey, Australian National University, Canberra
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- Book:
- Water Resources Planning and Management
- Published online:
- 05 August 2011
- Print publication:
- 17 February 2011, pp 355-366
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Summary
Introduction
Perth is a rapidly growing city, isolated from the rest of Australia's major population centres, with a green environment that has been maintained over recent years despite a period of low rainfall and strong evidence of a drying climate. Perth's population has steadily grown over recent decades, approximately doubling from about 800000 in 1980 to just over 1.6 million now. The population is predicted to be approximately 2.3 million by the year 2030 (Western Australia Planning Commission, 2005). Thus the requirement for water can be expected to increase even if demand management programs are intensified.
Residential water use comprises about three-quarters of the total scheme water use and is therefore of major significance in planning for future sources or increased water efficiency. The Water Corporation has estimated that if the current per capita usage of 145 kilolitres (kl) per person per annum is maintained, there will be a need to supply an additional 120 gigalitres (Gl) of water to the Perth Metropolitan area from new sources by 2030. If a demand management program reduces consumption to 125 kl per person per annum as has been projected, new sources will have to provide about 70 Gl (Water Corporation, 2009). Currently about 47% of household water is used outdoors.
This ‘new’ water will have to be provided in an environment which has already been subjected to a climate change that has reduced runoff to reservoirs from 400 Gl per year in 1950 to a projection of about 100 Gl in 2030.
7 - General surgery
- Edited by M. Seear, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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- Book:
- The Pocket Pediatrician
- Published online:
- 01 February 2010
- Print publication:
- 28 June 1996, pp 91-118
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Pediatric general surgery deals with the unique physiology and surgical diseases of children. This involves a broad spectrum of conditions, both congenital and acquired, including soft tissue lesions, thoracic noncardiac conditions, abdominal pathology (particularly gastrointestinal) and the management of multisystem trauma. There is some overlap with urology, orthopedics and otolaryngology, plastic and reconstructive surgery.
Many conditions are congenital, and the understanding and recognition of these conditions requires a knowledge of their embryological origin. Some surgical diseases occur within certain narrow age ranges which allow for a limited differential diagnosis. The diagnosis can be made, in most cases, by the clinical history and physical examination, with often only simple investigations required for confirmation.
PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
Anesthesia
All complex cases should be discussed with the anesthetist involved. It is unusual that the pathology is such that you cannot take a little time to correct fluid and electrolyte disorders.
Preoperative teaching
When reasonable, it is worthwhile to prepare and comfort children in advance of what to expect postoperatively. Such things as management of patient controlled analgesia (PCA) is best taught preoperatively.
Therapists involved in postoperative chest physiotherapy appreciate the opportunity to see and teach patients preoperatively.
Psychologists may be available to assist with postoperative pain management.
Nursing staff should be made aware of the types of tubes or drains that may be used and any special nursing requirements for postoperative care so that they can adequately prepare the child.
Bowel preparation
Washout
Indicated for elective colon and rectal procedures (e.g. anorectoplasty, colostomy closure, pullthrough for Hirschsprung's disease, etc.). Not indicated for small bowel surgery.